Seabass

Stock Status Score: 0

The seabass stock in this region is harvested sustainably and fully fished.

Stock assessments are conducted by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). A benchmark assessment in 2025 introduced revised reference points, improving the accuracy of the stock assessment and reducing some uncertainties. Although recreational catches remain uncertain because they are estimated from surveys and make up a substantial proportion of total removals, the benchmark found that stock status relative to the reference points was robust across a range of recreational catch scenarios.

The stock assessment defines reference points for fishing pressure (F) and biomass (B). For fishing pressure, there is a target to keep F at or below Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). For biomass, there is no target. However, there is a trigger point (MSY Btrigger) and precautionary reference point (Bpa) to ensure reproductive output is maintained. Because BMSY is not defined, the Good Fish Guide applies its own definition of 1.4 x MSY Btrigger.

Since 1985, F has steadily increased, eventually exceeding FMSY (0.17) between 2011 and 2015, with a peak of 0.22 in 2013. This was followed by a sharp decline after emergency measures were implemented, bringing F back below FMSY, where it fluctuated between 0.08 and 0.12. In 2025, F is estimated at 0.116, which is below FMSY, and therefore indicates that the stock is currently harvested sustainably.

Between 1985 and 2010, spawning stock biomass (SSB) varied between 22,000 and 34,000 tonnes. However, a decline begun in 2010, with SSB falling below MSY Btrigger (19,339 tonnes) in 2015 and then below Blim (15,666 tonnes) from 2016 to 2018. After this period of low biomass, the stock began to recover, exceeding MSY Btrigger in 2021. The current estimate for 2026 is 26,630 tonnes, which is between MSY Btrigger and the BMSY proxy (27,075 tonnes). Therefore, the stock is considered to be fully fished.

Fishing pressure is not the only factor influencing bass stock status, recruitment variability is also a driver. Throughout the time series, annual recruitment has fluctuated significantly. Over the past 15 years, the highest recorded recruitment occurred in 2014, reaching approximately 116 million individuals, while the lowest occurred in 2025, at 19 million. For 2026, this has increased again to almost 70 million individuals.

For 2027, ICES advises that when the maximum sustainable yield approach is applied, total removals (both commercial and recreational) should not exceed 5,576 tonnes. This is a 7.6% increase from the 2026 advice. It is important to note that some catches within this region are attributable to the neighbouring Bay of Biscay stock, meaning that management decisions in 4b-c, 7a, and 7d-h, can also affect the population in 8a-b. While migration has been accounted for in the new assessment, uncertainties remain regarding stock structure and connectivity among populations.

Management of the Target Stock Score: 0.25

Alignment with Scientific Advice Score: 0.5

Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Score: 0.25

There are multiple management measures in place for seabass in this region. However, the evidence indicates that the effectiveness of some, such as the closed season, could be improved. There is no formal TAC for seabass due to the large proportion of recreational catches, meaning that total removals often exceed scientific advice. That said, the line fishery is supported by a well-developed and effective Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) system, with reliable enforcement and low levels of IUU activity.

After spawning stock biomass (SSB) began declining in 2010, emergency management measures were introduced in 2015, followed by the adoption of a precautionary management plan by one of the relevant authorities. These interventions appear to have successfully reduced fishing pressure, with fishing mortality (F) falling below FMSY in 2016 and remaining below this threshold since. As a result, the stock has recovered, with SSB increasing above MSY Btrigger.

Seabass management remains challenging given that fish move between neighbouring assessment areas. ICES notes that part of the catch from the neighbouring Bay of Biscay stock is taken within divisions 4.b-c and 7.a, d-h. This overlap needs to be considered when setting management measures to ensure that catches remain within sustainable limits for both stocks.

UK seabass management aims to balance fishing opportunities with conservation needs while reflecting agreements between the UK and EU. Unlike many commercially important species, seabass is not managed through a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and is therefore not subject to the landing obligation. Instead, management relies on a combination of licensing requirements, gear restrictions, catch limits, and seasonal closures.

For 2026, commercial fishers must hold an authorisation to catch, retain, tranship, or land seabass. Targeted fishing is only permitted using hooks and lines. While fixed gillnets and demersal trawls and seines may retain bass as bycatch under specific conditions and catch limits. Bass caught using unauthorised gears, including pelagic trawls, ring nets, and drift nets, must be discarded.

Additional management measures include:

• A Minimum Conservation Reference Size (MCRS) of 42 cm.
• A seasonal closure from 1 February to 31 March, intended to protect bass during the main spawning period.
• Annual catch limits of:
  • 8 tonnes for hook-and-line vessels.
  • 5.4 tonnes of bycatch for fixed-net vessels.
  • 10 tonnes of unavoidable bycatch for demersal trawls and seines, with bass comprising no more than 20% of the total catch weight per trip.
• A requirement to immediately return all bass caught during the February to March closure period.
• Recreational 3-bag limit per fisher.
• Spatial and effort controls implemented by IFCAs and the Welsh Government, including closed areas and restrictions on shore-based nets.

Although the closed season aims to protect spawning aggregations, there is growing evidence that the timing of seabass spawning has shifted, likely in response to changing environmental conditions. This raises questions about whether the current February to March closure still provides optimal protection, or whether a different timing may be more effective for protecting spawning aggregations.

Monitoring, enforcement, and the ability to adapt management measures remain essential to maintaining stock recovery. While the measures introduced since 2015 have reduced fishing mortality, they have also led to higher levels of discarding. In 2025, an estimated 629 tonnes of bass, equivalent to 29.3% of commercial catches, were discarded. Discards occur when fish are undersized, exceed authorised catch limits, or are caught using unauthorised gears. Juvenile bass make up a significant proportion of these discards, highlighting the importance of Bass Nursery Areas (BNAs), which provide protection through seasonal and area-based fishing restrictions.

Despite the stock's recovery, questions remain over whether overall removals are fully aligned with scientific advice. ICES expresses seabass advice as total removals, including commercial catches, recreational catches, and release mortality. Although fishing mortality has remained below FMSY in recent years, estimated total removals exceeded the ICES-advised level in every year in the last five years. In 2025, ICES advised that total removals should not exceed 2,620 tonnes. Estimated commercial catches were 2,146 tonnes and estimated recreational removals were 2,362 tonnes, resulting in total removals of 4,508 tonnes, around 72% above the advised level. However, recreational removals are estimated using a model based on a 2012 survey and adjusted to account for subsequent management measures, rather than being derived from annual surveys and monitoring. As a result, there remains considerable uncertainty around recreational catches and removals.

Further improvements in data collection would strengthen seabass management. Recreational removals remain poorly quantified, and there is uncertainty around discard levels. Better monitoring of both commercial and recreational fisheries, alongside improvements in gear selectivity, alongside spatial and temporal management, would help reduce catches of undersized fish. Continued illegal targeting of seabass also remains a risk to stock recovery and should continue to be a priority for enforcement.

Monitoring, control and surveillance of UK fisheries are delivered through licensing, vessel tracking, statutory reporting, observer coverage, inspections and other monitoring systems. All commercial fishing vessels must hold a valid UK fishing licence to operate in UK waters, although exemptions may apply to some unpowered vessels under 10 metres. Depending on the area, target species and activity, additional permits or authorisations may also be required.

Vessel tracking requirements vary by vessel size, area and administration through Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) and, where applicable, inshore VMS (iVMS).

• Vessels 12 m and over must report their position every two hours via VMS.
• Vessels under 12 m report their position continuously where iVMS applies, or may operate full VMS where required by licence conditions or when fishing offshore.

Reporting of fishing activity, catches, landings, discards and port movements is mandatory, with logbooks supporting traceability:

• Vessels 12 m and over submit electronic logbooks under Council Regulation 1224/2009.
• Vessels 10–12 m (and under 10 m Producer Organisation vessels) use paper logbooks, updated daily and submitted within 48 hours of landing.
• Non-PO vessels under 10 m are generally exempt unless required by licence conditions.

UK vessels must also carry fishery observers when directed, providing independent verification of activity and catch. Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM), using cameras, sensors and positional data, is being increasingly deployed to improve data quality and support enforcement. Its rollout is supported by the Fisheries Act 2020 and the Joint Fisheries Statement.

Together, these measures help prevent illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing through vessel licensing, catch documentation, positional monitoring, statutory reporting and compliance checks. Enforcement action may include financial penalties, prosecution, licence suspension or other sanctions. The UK has committed to reducing IUU fishing and maintains a blacklist of vessels involved in such activities. This rating reflects full compliance with UK monitoring, control and surveillance requirements.

The Marine Conservation Society views Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) with cameras as one of the most cost-effective tools for providing reliable fisheries data and aiding informed management decisions. Fully monitored fisheries enhance collaboration, data accuracy, stock recovery, and reduce impacts on marine wildlife and habitats. However, the full potential of REM may only be achieved when it tracks fishing location and documents catch and bycatch, particularly where vulnerable species and habitats are at risk. 

The Fisheries Act (2020) requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) (replacing EU Multi-Annual Plans) in the UK. 43 FMPs have been proposed and are at various stages of development and implementation, these should all be published by the end of 2028. FMPs have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. It is also essential the UK governments define and adopt a standardised approach or model across the four nations to a universally defined FMP design, to ensure the consistence, quality and coherence of all the proposal FMPs. 

The Marine Conservation Society is keen to see publicly available Fishery Management Plans for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include: 

• An overview of the fishery including current stock status, spatial coverage, current fishing methods and impacts 

• Targets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best scientific evidence 

• Timeframes for stock recovery 

• Improved data collection, transparency, and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) 

• Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery, including habitat impacts and minimising bycatch 

• Stakeholder engagement 

A Bass FMP has been proposed, coordinated by Defra and the Welsh Government that incorporates this stock. At the time of writing, it is too soon to know whether proposed management measures will be effective in managing the stock. For more information about this FMP and expected progress and timelines, see [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/fisheries-management-plans#published-fmps]. 

Capture Method Score: 0

Habitat Impacts: 0

Bycatch Impacts: 0

Vulnerable and ETP Species: 0

Ecosystems and Trophic Webs: 0

Pole-and-line fishing has negligible impacts on seabed habitats and results in very low bycatch of non-target and ETP species. However, there are some concerns regarding fishing pressure on bait species and uncertainty surrounding the scale and extent of recreational catches. Overall, the fishery is considered to have a low impact on ecosystem function and is unlikely to result in significant changes to food-web structure.

In 2025, lines accounted for the largest proportion of commercial seabass landings (39%), followed by bottom trawls (29%), fixed and drift nets (16%), other gears (9%), and Danish seines (7%). Hook-and-line methods, including handlining, trolling, lure fishing, and rod-and-reel fishing, are among the most selective and environmentally responsible fishing techniques available. These methods generate very little bycatch, and any non-target species caught can generally be released alive with high survivability. As a result, impacts on ETP species are considered negligible. The gear also has no contact with the seabed, resulting in minimal habitat disturbance. Line fisheries are typically conducted by small vessels operating in inshore waters and include both commercial and recreational sectors.

Recreational fishing for seabass is highly popular in the UK, supporting numerous small-scale and artisanal fisheries. In 2025, recreational removals, including post-release mortality, accounted for approximately 52.4% of total removals from the fishery, while commercial landings comprised 33.7% and commercial discards 13.9%. Although recreational line fishing has a low direct impact on non-target species, it can rely on bait, creating indirect pressure on bait populations. Common bait species include polychaete worms, squid, and peeler crabs. The sustainability of these species varies, and for several, stock status and management remain uncertain. Wild harvesting of bait worms, in particular, is often poorly monitored and inconsistently managed, despite the presence of some local guidance and voluntary codes of conduct (e.g. the Angling Trust). Given the popularity of seabass angling, it is important to consider the cumulative demand placed on bait species.

Recreational catches are also difficult to monitor accurately, with assessments often based on estimates rather than complete, up‑to‑date data. This uncertainty limits understanding of the recreational sector’s full impact and makes effective management challenging. With seabass being the UK's second most popular recreational species by weight and fourth by number in 2024, improved monitoring and reporting of both target and bait species would help strengthen future stock assessments and management measures.

Seabass are mesopredators, feeding primarily on small fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and other benthic invertebrates. Historic fishing pressure has reduced populations of comparable predatory fish species in UK waters (e.g. gadoids), and climate-driven changes in species distributions and ecosystem functioning may have affected food-web resilience in some areas. However, despite recent increases in both commercial landings and recreational removals, it is unlikely that current levels of exploitation in this fishery are having a significant impact on ecosystem function across the broad geographic scale covered by this assessment. The use of hook-and-line gear also limits impacts on ecosystem function, as these methods are highly selective and do not disturb seabed habitats or significantly affect non-target species. Furthermore, catch limits and the high release rates reported within the recreational sector help to reduce the risk of localised depletion and minimise ecosystem impacts.