MPAs: Your questions answered

An MPA is an area of the ocean that is designated in law to protect species, habitats, historical or cultural features. Damaging human activity, which can include bottom trawling or dredging fishing techniques, are sometimes prohibited depending on the purpose and objectives of the site.

Yes. Marine Protected Area (MPA) is an 'umbrella term' for an area of the sea that is designated to protect marine habitats and species.

MPAs can take many forms, depending on what they are designed to protect, for example, flora, fauna, historical or cultural features.

Some Marine Protected Areas are specifically designated to protect seabed habitats, such as seagrass or deep sea corals.

Examples of MPAs include:

• Special Protections Areas (SPAs) with marine habitats for birds
• Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) with marine habitats or species
• Marine Nature Reserves (MNRs)
• Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs)
• Nature conservation Marine Protected Areas (in Scotland)
• Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) with marine features
• No take zones (NTZs)

Offshore MPAs are protected areas of water that are more than 12 nautical miles from the coast. Inshore MPAs are coastal areas that extend up to 12 nautical miles from land.

Highly Protected Marine Areas (HPMAs) are a type of Marine Protected Area (MPA) which offer the strictest possible environmental protections.

That means that only non-damaging activities, such as swimming, kayaking or scuba diving, are allowed. Any activities that take something from the marine environment (such as fishing, dredging and mining) or that put structures or materials in the water (such as fish farms or dredging soil) are prohibited to give these areas the best chance of recovery.

'Closed areas' are specific parts of the UK coast where certain types of fishing are prohibited to protect fish stocks or marine features. They may be permanently closed or seasonally closed, for example to protect juvenile fish stocks.

Not always. Types of MPA vary - some allow only lower impact types of fishing, whilst others still allow bottom trawling, depending on what they were designated for. Very few are “no-take zones” where areas are completely protected from all types of fishing activity. 

Areas where all fishing is restricted can create amazing oases for marine life and lead to more fish and shellfish, which then spill over into surrounding areas, where they have the potential to benefit nearby fisheries and ecosystems alike.

Managing an MPA means making sure that damaging human activity does not take place within certain sites, like bottom trawling in protected areas with vital seabed habitats. Other damaging activities must also be managed, such as pollution, aggregate extraction and port developments.

Fishing boats must be GPS tracked using Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) technology, regulations must be enforced through policing activity and penalties must be introduced for those breaking the rules.

Some MPAs are huge areas, which makes monitoring and enforcing protections challenging and costly. The Dogger Bank MPA is about four times the size of the Lake District and the West of Scotland MPA is larger than Scotland itself.

Another part of the challenge is that different organisations manage fishing in different parts of the sea and need to work together to ensure adequate protection. Heavy industries other than fishing are generally more proactive at doing environmental impact assessments inside MPAs before their activities occur.

Our inshore MPAs have never been under EU jurisdiction, so they have been easier to protect.

Since leaving the EU, we now have more freedom to protect our offshore waters. The vast majority of Marine Protected Areas are offshore, so this allows us to protect and monitor a much larger percentage of our seas.

Government conservation bodies, such as Natural England, Natural Resources Wales and NatureScot, carry out surveys to determine which habitats need protecting and identify boundaries for MPAs within territorial waters (within 12 nautical miles of land). The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is responsible for identifying and providing conservation advice on Marine Protected Areas in UK offshore waters (more than 12 nautical miles from the coast). This conservation advice from these experts helps the law makers understand how human activity may be disturbing species and habitats and what specific measures are needed to protect them.

Local authorities, harbour authorities, the Environment Agency and Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCA) have powers to protect their marine environment on a local level in England. English offshore areas are managed by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). Marine Scotland manages marine conservation, fishing and other activities that need a marine license in all of Scotland’s water and in Wales, MPAs are managed by Welsh Government and Natural Resources Wales.

The UK Government is responsible for managing fishing in English waters, the Scottish Government in Scottish waters, the Welsh Government in Welsh waters and the Northern Irish Government in Northern Irish waters. In England, IFCA (Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities) manages inshore areas. MMO (Marine Management Organisation) manages offshore areas. Some MPAs overlap the two. Marine Scotland manages all fishing and marine conservation in Scotland's waters. In Wales, fishing activity is managed by Welsh Government.

The vast majority of our data comes from government sources. We add to this with research from our own projects, such as Seasearch in inshore diving range and seagrass mapping. There are also a large number of other data sets we have used to influence government action, including data on fishing activity from Global Fishing Watch.

A byelaw is a piece of legislation introducing specific rules in a specific area. The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 and Fisheries Act 2020 give the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) the powers to make byelaws to prohibit or restrict certain activities in order to protect Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

Byelaws set out restrictions or prohibitions on certain activities.

There are byelaws in some MPAs that ban the use of bottom-towed fishing gear (including trawls, dredges and demersal seines) over areas of sensitive seabed habitat including reefs and sandbanks. Two of the byelaws also ban netting, longlining and potting over particularly sensitive areas including cold water coral and biogenic reefs.

These restrictions will protect important habitats from damage, and will support nature to recover in our seas.

The MMO monitors fishing activities and ensure byelaws are being followed in line with our Compliance and Enforcement Strategy. This means using a mixture of vessel monitoring system (VMS) data, surface and aerial surveillance to take an intelligence-led, risk-based approach to target resources to where they are needed.

The majority of fishers want to - and do - comply with regulations.

If restrictions aren't being followed, the MMO has a range of options, up to criminal prosecution.